10
−5
10
−4
10
−3
10
−2
10
−1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
redshift z
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
log
10
[E/eV]
10
−5
10
−4
10
−3
10
−2
10
−1
10
0
10
1
10
2
10
3
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
E
ew
~ (G
F
)
−1/2
Galactic Center
Mrk501
star formation peaks
star formation begins
!e !e
!p e
+
e
−
p
!! e
+
e
−
3K
IR
VIS
UV
"
−domain
Accelerator
Target
Opaque matter
N
S
p
p
p
Detector
Earth
p
"
"
µ
µ
!
"
10
4
10
6
10
8
10
10
10
!12
10
!11
10
!10
10
!9
10
!8
10
!7
10
!6
10
!5
E
"
[GeV]
E
2
"
#
"
[GeV/cm
2
s sr]
M95B
P97
HZ97
WB Limit
GRB (burst)
GRB (afterglow)
muon track
PMT
$ c
2
43
Cherenkov cone
15
6
7
89
120 m
snow layer
optical module (OM)
housing
pressure
Optical
Module
silicon gel
HV divider
light diffuser ball
60 m
AMANDA as of 2000
zoomed in on one
(true scaling)
200 m
Eiffel Tower as comparison
Depth
surface
50 m
1000 m
2350 m
2000 m
1500 m
810 m
1150 m
AMANDA-A (top)
zoomed in on
AMANDA-B10 (bottom)
AMANDA-A
AMANDA-B10
main cable
PMT
0
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.1
0.125
0.15
0.175
0.2
0.225
x 10
-2
0
250
500
750
1000
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
x 10
-3
0
250
500
750
1000
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
x 10
-4
0
250
500
750
1000
Time at 10m distance (nsec)
PE/OM/ns
Time at 20m distance (nsec)
PE/OM/ns
Time at 40m distance (nsec)
PE/OM/ns
Time at 80m distance (nsec)
PE/OM/ns
0
0.025
0.05
0.075
0.1
0.125
0.15
0.175
0.2
x 10
-5
0
250
500
750
1000
Declination (o)
-log (Likelihood)
190
200
210
220
230
240
250
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
Declination (o)
-log (Likelihood)
490
500
510
520
530
540
550
-80
-60
-40
-20
0
20
40
60
80
zenith(2)
Simulated E-2 Point Sources
Level 2
Final Cuts
0
2
4
6
8
10
80
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9101112131415
Measured n
Signal Mean
µ
Zenith
Pre/post X-talk Cleaning Reconstruction at L2
Reco Before
Reco After
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
9000
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Nch
Before Cleaning
After Cleaning
1
10
10
2
10
3
10
4
0
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 160 170 180
Likelihood Ratio
Pre-cleaning
Post-cleaning
10
10
2
10
3
10
4
-40 -35 -30 -25 -20 -15 -10 -5
0
5
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
S
cyldirc
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
L(
µ
/casc)
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
N
dirb
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
L(
µ
)
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
9.5
10
10.5
11
0
500
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
3500
4000
Q
NN
0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
1
Events
1
10
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
Zenith_8>100
data
atm " MC
E
-2
signal (10
-6
cm
-2
s
-1
GeV
-1
sr
-1
)
sin(
%
)
#
"
lim
(10
-7
cm
-2
s
-1
)
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.7
0.8
0.9
-0.1
0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
1
$
90
100
110
120
130
140
150
160
170
event
N
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Data
Atm " MC
S
cyldirc
-0.4
-0.3
-0.2
-0.1
-0
0.1
0.2
0.3
0.4
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
L
dirb
0
100
200
300
400
500
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
L(
µ
/casc)
-2.5
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
0
10
20
30
40
50
N
dirb
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
L(
µ
)
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
8.5
9
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
NN Q
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
0.25
0.3
0.35
0.4
0.45
0.5
0.55
0.6
0.65
0.7
0.75
0.8
0.85
Declination (
0
)
Median pointing resolution (
0
)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90
log 10 E (GeV)
Median pointing resolution (
o
)
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
2 2.5 3 3.5 4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
$
(
o
)
radius(
o
)
2.6
2.8
3
3.2
3.4
3.6
3.8
4
4.2
4.4
4.6
4.8
5
5.2
5.4
80
85 90
95 100 105 110 115 120 125 130 135 140 145 150 155 160 165 170 175 180
ra(h)
%
(
o
)
-10
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
90
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
22
24
24h
0h
-90
°
90
°
log
10
E
"
(GeV)
0
0.05
0.1
0.15
0.2
0.25
0.3
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
4.5
5
5.5
6
6.5
7
7.5
8
AMANDA-II Limit for Mkn 421
spec index = 1.8
spec index = 2.0
spec index = 2.2
spec index = 2.4
10
-9
10
-8
10
-7
10
-6
1
10
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
log E
"
2
3
4
5
6
7
]
2
[cm
"
eff
A
10
-1
1
10
10
2
10
3
10
4
10
5
10
6
%= 0
°
%= 25
°
%= 50
°
%= 75
°
log E
µ
[GeV]
2 2.5 3 3.5
4 4.5 5 5.5 6 6.5
]
2
[1000 m
µ
eff
A
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
%= 0
°
%=25
°
%=50
°
%=75
°
